Scope and emphasis
~さえ
even ~; if only ~
AI-written, reviewed by AI (ChatGPT)
How to form it
- Noun + さえ / Noun + でさえ
- Verb (ます-stem) + さえ + すれば (if only)
- い-adjective: ~くさえ + あれば
Register: Neutral
Explanation
Gives an extreme example to show that other things are all the more so. With ば, it says that one condition is all that is needed.
The extreme example suggests that the rest is obvious. In さえ~ば, one small condition is enough for the result.
Examples
簡単な漢字さえ、読めない。
かんたんなかんじさえ、よめない。
I cannot even read simple kanji.
忙しくて、食事をする時間さえない。
いそがしくて、しょくじをするじかんさえない。
I am so busy that I do not even have time to eat.
時間さえあれば、手伝えるのに。
じかんさえあれば、てつだえるのに。
If only I had time, I could help.
子供でさえ、そんなことは知っている。
こどもでさえ、そんなことはしっている。
Even a child knows that.
Compare with
- ~まで(さえ): まで also means 'even' but adds something extra; さえ gives an extreme example.
Common mistakes
- Using さえ for a plain list of items. It always signals an extreme example from which the rest is inferred.