Scope and inclusion

～上に

besides; on top of that

AI-written, reviewed by AI (ChatGPT)

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How to form it

  • Verb/adjective (plain form) + 上に
  • な-adjective + な上に
  • Noun + の上に

Register: Neutral; spoken and written

Explanation

Adds a second fact of the same direction (both good or both bad) to the first.

Both parts are positive or both negative. The reading is うえに.

Examples

  1. 彼は頭がいい上に、性格もいい。

    かれはあたまがいいうえに、せいかくもいい。

    He is smart, and on top of that he has a good personality.

  2. この店は安い上に、おいしい。

    このみせはやすいうえに、おいしい。

    This restaurant is cheap, and it is also delicious.

  3. 雨が降っている上に、風も強い。

    あめがふっているうえに、かぜもつよい。

    It is raining, and on top of that the wind is strong.

Compare with

  • ～に加えて: に加えて is more formal; 上に is common in speech.
  • ～た上で: た上で means 'after doing'; 上に means 'in addition to'.

Common mistakes

  • Mixing positive and negative items. Both should point the same way.